Antiferromagnetism occurs when neighboring atomic magnetic moments align in opposite directions, resulting in no net macroscopic magnetization. This ordering minimizes energy through exchange interactions. Antiferromagnetic materials exhibit magnetic order below a critical temperature called the Néel temperature. Although they do not produce strong external magnetic fields, antiferromagnets play an important role in modern magnetism research. They are essential in spintronics and magnetic memory technologies. Antiferromagnetism influences electronic transport and magnetic excitations in solids. Studying antiferromagnets helps understand quantum magnetism and strongly correlated systems. These materials are increasingly explored for fast, stable, and low-energy spin-based devices.
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