The Big Bang Theory describes the origin of the universe from an extremely hot, dense initial state followed by expansion and cooling. It explains observed cosmic expansion and the abundance of light elements. According to this theory, space itself has been expanding over time. The Big Bang does not describe an explosion in space but an expansion of spacetime. Evidence includes galaxy redshifts, cosmic background radiation, and primordial nucleosynthesis. The theory successfully accounts for large-scale cosmic structure. Modern Big Bang cosmology incorporates inflation and dark energy. It remains the foundational framework for understanding cosmic history and evolution.
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Vladimir Chigrinov, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
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Alexander Unzicker, Pestalozzi Gymnasium Munchen, Germany
Title : Global photochemical model CHARM-DE of the earth’s atmosphere for altitudes 0-130 km
Alexei Krivolutsky, Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Russian Federation
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Amir Sohail, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
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Yarub Al Douri, European Academy of Sciences, Belgium
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Thomas J Webster, Brown University, United States