Excitons are bound states of an electron and a hole created when a material absorbs light. They play a crucial role in optical and electronic processes in semiconductors and insulators. Excitons govern light emission, absorption, and energy transfer in materials. Their properties depend on dimensionality, dielectric environment, and material composition. Excitons are especially prominent in low-dimensional and nanostructured systems. They are central to optoelectronic devices such as LEDs, solar cells, and lasers. Studying excitons provides insight into electron–hole interactions and many-body effects. Exciton physics bridges solid-state physics, optics, and materials science, enabling efficient light–matter interaction engineering.
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