Ferromagnetism is a form of magnetism in which atomic magnetic moments align parallel to each other, producing a strong, permanent magnetic field. This alignment results from exchange interactions between electrons. Ferromagnetic materials exhibit spontaneous magnetization below a characteristic temperature known as the Curie temperature. Classic examples include iron, cobalt, and nickel. Ferromagnetism is central to permanent magnets, magnetic storage devices, and electromechanical systems. The phenomenon explains magnetic hysteresis and domain formation. Ferromagnetic materials are widely used in industry and everyday technology. Understanding ferromagnetism also provides insight into spin interactions and collective behavior in solids. It remains a key topic in solid-state and materials physics.
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