Nuclear decay is the spontaneous process by which unstable nuclei transform into more stable configurations by emitting particles or radiation. Common decay modes include alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma emission. Each radioactive isotope has a characteristic half-life that determines its rate of decay. Nuclear decay plays a vital role in radiometric dating, nuclear medicine, and radiation safety. It also contributes to heat production inside Earth and energy release in stars. Quantum mechanics explains decay processes through tunneling and weak interactions. Measuring decay products provides insight into nuclear structure and fundamental forces. Nuclear decay is central to understanding radioactive materials and their applications in science, industry, and medicine.
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