Rarefied Gas Dynamics studies gas flows where the mean free path of molecules is comparable to characteristic system dimensions. In this regime, classical continuum assumptions break down. Rarefied flows occur in high-altitude aerospace applications, vacuum systems, and micro- and nano-scale devices. Molecular effects dominate gas behavior, requiring kinetic descriptions rather than Navier–Stokes equations. Phenomena such as slip flow and temperature jump appear near boundaries. Rarefied gas dynamics is essential for spacecraft re-entry analysis and microfluidics. Numerical methods such as direct simulation Monte Carlo are commonly used. Understanding rarefied flows is crucial for modern aerospace engineering and nanoscale gas transport applications.
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